GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT SEMINAR PAPERS & Issues (MTP 3012)
ENVIRONMENTAL pollution issues ARE IN NEED OF A GLOBAL JOINT RESEARCH IN INTERNATIONAL Issues. Discuss.
INTRODUCTION
If We look at the title of this discussion, it is a broad topic and many aspects cans be discussed. But if We Are careful with musing and deeply, We find That one thing That Should Be taken into account is the word 'needs with the research.
Based on the issues to be discussed 'needs joint research' That means the issue of pollution is a global issue Should Be discussed, thought out and dealt with at the international level. This is due to the pollution problem is happening all over the world has, is and will from be Experienced by all countries. Be Should Be Prudent measures planned to address this problem.
How do We Want to solve the above problem? How We answer or solve Them is dependent on our own perception of the environment. Also it reveals The Way We Live, is there a way of life We Can help protect the environment or vice versa?
Education Unit or the Malaysian Nature Society, Nature Society (MNS) Often receives inquiries about whether or how to conserve the natural environment Should Be Made by all parties. Just as the question whether an individual effort to conserve the environment while the problems have changed from increasingly complex.
If We are examining the causes of environmental problems, We found That most people due to the demand of industrial products. This led to the problem of earth pressure on the ability to Provide space and resources for this request.
Pressure on the environment consists of two forms.
• Firstly, the pressure of demand on natural resources, Such as fuel, water and soil.
• Secondly, That the industrial waste pollutes the water and the environment.
This resulted in serious pollution of the global greenhouse effect, acid rain, ozone and irreversible.
When We think about this global pollution, it is too Difficult for an individual is to improv the situation. May We wonder, what are the actions of an individual is Able to give any effect? However, We Should Be Aware That this is how serious the pollution is Actually the caused by individual actions as well. Thus, the individual actions cans Also help save our earth.
Definition
According to Dictionary of the Board of Language and Literature (DBP), said that pollution is an act That pollute (discolour) - environmental pollution - the act of polluting the environment clean of litter.
The types of pollution
There are many Ways Contamination cans occur. But They are divided into two types:
• the caused by Natural Pollution
Pollution is the caused by natural factors That pollution occurs automatically upon the occurrence of Natural Disasters Such as volcanic eruptions, hurricanes hit, Earthquakes and so on.
• Pollution the caused by human factors.
Pollution is the caused by human factors pollution by Humans, whether intentional or unintentional. Among Them are:
a. Water Pollution
For example, toxic gases, particles trapped in the results of emission, the effects of haze from open burning and so forth.
b. Water Pollution
For example, Sewage disposal, chemical waste, heat, garbage disposal and so forth.
c. Land Pollution
For example, the destruction of forests due to logging, dumping of chemical wastes and solid wastes.
Pollution Effects
• Threaten Human Health
As a result of environmental pollution, human health is Also affected. In our country today Such as the use of cars has Increased rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s Than Previously. Unfortunately, the technology of manufacturing of motor vehicles has the caused many problems Such as water pollution, noise pollution, environmental damage and natural wildlife.
Production of monoxide gas is a toxic gas cans That kill if retained in a closed area. Another kind of element That cans be produced through the use of a motor vehicle is a type of lead is very toxic chemical and cans cause brain damage, especially Among children.
Apart from that, as occurred in Minamata Bay, Japan, toxic pollution into the water Causing symptoms of numbness and tingling, numbness, headaches, blurred vision and expression That is not correct. Some end up with paralysis and Died there. Symptoms the caused by mercury poisoning has involved hundreds of fishing Families. It is known as Minamata disease.
• Threatened plants and animals
The effects of the pollution occurs not only Experienced by Humans, but Also affect other wildlife. The impacts of pollution That killed many marine organisms in the shallow waters of the effects of oil spills into the sea. When oil spills occur with many near the coast it forms a layer of oil is threatening marine life and birds. Also affected were the resource persons Tumpuhan plankton growth and fertility.
The impacts are chronic anomalia Considered, the enlargement of the body and the which is not normal behavior, and less immune to the use of water resources.
As another example keracun effects of mercury, a strange incident occurred in Minamata Bay, Japan, Nowhere Suddenly the birds are flying plummeted from the sky. Cat Walk terhoyong hayang with a mouth-foaming, then ran and Died uncertain.
Showa Maru ship 7700 tons of oil spilled in the Riau archipelago in 1975, affecting hundreds of hectares of tropical plants in the waters of Indonesia. Even after four years of That event occurs, the impact of the oil residue is still visible and were the resource persons destroying Marine Ecosystems in Southeast Asia known as aquaculture.
• Property Damage
Pollution the caused by natural factors like volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, Earthquakes, etc., Substantially affected by the destruction of property. As an example of a volcanic Eruption That events occurred in Indonesia, Mount Merapi has resulted in property damage. This is the caused by hot lava produced by the mountain. Among the property damage occurred That was the destruction of human habitation and infrastructure in the affected areas.
INTEGRATED Measures
Completion OF ENVIRONMENTAL Issues
The current development Towards making Malaysia a developed country has sparked a variety of situations. The rapid development of economic and industrial sectors as well as political and social stability has provided a comfortable standard of living of the people and the country's image in the eyes of the world. However, despite the comfort and the incidence of the development of a number of ancillary issues That May be detrimental to community life.
Pollution affecting installments countries, Such as coastal pollution and water pollution the caused by the haze requires the active participation of the countries involved to get the solutions together.
1. Marine Pollution
Malaysia is surrounded by the sea Nowhere there are a variety of activities Such as oil and water transportation. Hence, Malaysia is Also exposed to the risk of a major oil spill. Statistics Show That More Than 165 oil platforms have been carrying out exploration and production activities in the South China Sea and the Strait of Malacca shipping lanes is the best Among the busiest in the world. In 1995 there were the resource persons approximately 30.251 ships through the Straits of Melaka has Nearly 30% of the which are Tankers. (Source: Statistics, Peninsular Malaysia Marine Department)
Now, the sea threatened by human activities are passionate pursuit of materialistic without regard to environmental implications. Pollution in Southeast Asia is a result of Various factors. The diversity of these factors lead to the quality and quantity of sea water so badly contaminated with a vaccine with no mujarap to recover. Over 90% of marine pollution is the caused by human activities and the remaining 10% is due to the shipping sector. (Nature Society, the Oil Spill Poisoned waters of Malaysia, the Cosmic Council (March), DBP, Kuala Lumpur, 1995, p. :53-55)
• Measures and cooperation taken by the coastal countries in Southeast Asia.
There are three countries sharing the waters of Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand. The three countries are involved in mutual cooperation to Achieve Common interests. Malaysia and Indonesia have cooperated in Efforts to defend the Sovereignty of the Straits of Malacca under the Sovereignty of both countries. Although the Straits of Malacca is a complicated issue, but he never Prevent Landlocked countries to concern uterus.
The incident occurred on January 6, 1967, forced the Landlocked countries to take a positive action on the incident. In the year of the Japanese oil tanker known as the Torry Canyon of the which was registered in Liberia has been involved in a collision. As a result of any oil spill Would the cost to clean it up. The total cost is required at the time was 16 million dollars.
Currently, Malaysia and Indonesia in ASEAN They have to channel Their views on issues of the Straits of Malacca. The plan, known as the National Contingency Plan Oil Spill Control was held at the Department of Environment. The objective of regional cooperation will from enable the immediate action taken to control the oil spill That is due to spills in Malaysian waters.
Apart from Malaysia, Landlocked countries Also Such as Singapore has established a number of specific bodies to solve this problem. That all bodies are established are located in Singapore under a single administration of the port known as Port of Singapore (PSA). Oil companies are Also Concerned with this issue. They have joined forces to form Tierred Area Response Capability (TARC). This Organization was formed in 1986 and consists of Esso Oil Company, Caltex and Mobile. This organization has many state of the art equipment That Can Be Used in the work of controlling and cleaning up the oil spill.
In 1992, Singapore has proposed the establishment of a special body to mengatasimasalah oil spill. East Asia Response Limited (Earl) has finally been formed and it consists of five major oil companies. The companies are Esso, Petronas, Caltex, Shell and Mobile. These associations differ from other organizations is its broad and not limited in the waters of Malaysia and Singapore only, but covers the Asia Pacific region Including Japan and Australia.
When an oil spill incident, the first step That must be done is to control the oil spill from spreading to other areas. Oil spills will from rapidly spread through the wind and the torrential flow of water currents. There are four Ways Used to control the oil spill:
I. How to hem and collect spillage
II. Dispersent and chemical use
III. Cleaning beaches
IV. Left alone
In Addition, there are many factors to be taken in controlling the oil spill from spreading. Among Them are:
I. The location of the spill
II. The quantity of the spill
III. Type of spill
IV. Sea conditions
V. Potential spill response materials
When oil spills occur, the Responsible Party will from the run the oil cleansing stages of local, area and regional levels.
Running regional operations Pls That an oil spill occurred was The Largest, involving a wide area and the number of large spills. It is done Pls the amount of equipment, manpower and resources of this country is not sufficient and involved assistance from other countries. Among the alternatives of regional cooperation are:
I. Contingency Plan Lombok - Napier
II. Standard Operating Procedure for the Straits of Malacca and the Straits of Singapore
III. Standard Operating Procedure for Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam
IV. ASEAN - Oil Spill Response Action Plan (ASEAN - OSRAP)
Hence there is' Also the objective of Establishing an oil spill control. Among the objectives are:
I. To Provide a system of immediate response is adjusted to cope with oil spills.
II. To increase of the capacity and resources available in terms of equipment and staff training to deal with oil spills.
III. To Avoid adverse effects on the environment by controlling the flow of oil.
Also there are other steps taken to reduce and Prevent accidents ships in the Straits of Malacca and Singapore Straits. Landlocked countries felt was Necessary for Them to control the traffic safety in both the Straits. As Such, They have suggested Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) or the Traffic Scheme established in Europe have long since Used this method since the mid-19th century. The implementation of TSS is driven by the success of similar schemes in Europe. The proposal to establish this scheme in Europe the which began in 1857 in England. This proposal was prompted by the tragic collision of vessels Owned by United States and France, the which killed about 3000 people.
Several recommendations were the resource persons made to take care Also That does not Happen by rampant pollution. Among Them are:
I. Should Be Straits pollution problems studied in depth and Appropriate action must be taken.
II. Exclusive Economic Zone Act of 1984 Should Be Used to the extent Necessary and to impose higher penalties on those WHO pollute the sea and the beach.
III. The Council comprises the highest level That Among the countries share the coastal waters of the Straits of Malacca Should be established to Examine this matter and find a solution.
IV. Malacca Strait users to pay the levy or toll.
With the existence of the Various recommendations, act, and the establishment of the scheme is expected to pollution problems cans be reduced to preserve our territorial waters. In Malaysia, the Various parties involved in the control of pollution Such as the Department of Environment (DOE), Department of Customs and Excise Department, Marine Department, Marine Department, navy and police WHO represented the power to investigate under the Environment Quality Act 1974 . Even so, the Department of Environment is fully Responsible for the strengthening of the act, assisted by other maritime agencies.
2. Water Pollution
There is no doubt That Brought modern transportation has many changes and the goodness of the living standards of Malaysians. A good road system, facilities are excellent aviation system, and the international port of course, has to take the country and the people to an era of progress and Modernization. Now That Malaysia is free, can be said to be 90% -95% of the Countryside away from Towns and cities have been Able to enjoy the convenience of road That has changed the situation and livelihood of Villagers. However, this does not change, and Kindness possible without compromising the environment. Typically, EACH act and the changes it Brings with it advantages and disadvantages.
The negative effects the caused by the transport system is a major factor for Causing water pollution. It is Estimated That EACH year, about 13.6 million tonnes of poisonous gases emitted from vehicle damage to forests, lakes and marine life. Also this toxic gas increase is the greenhouse effect and global human health hazard.
Scientists have proven That transportation as a whole produces 64% of nitrogen oxide gas (the main elements That cause acid rain), 42% of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide 66%, 32% lead, 30% Carbon Dioxide, 74% benzene (a toxic substance), and toluene, Xylene, and Ethylene an unknown number of percentage.
If the studied types of transport (land, sea and water) it is clear That Such motor vehicles as cars, trucks, motorcycles and buses is a major source of pollution Than ships and aircraft. The analysis made in Switzerland showed That the land transportation system, except for a train, using a total of three times the land area. This involves the use of 3.5 times more energy for cars and 8.7 times more for trucks and truck-producing 9 times the pollution. If the analysis made in Malaysia, the Same statistics May be found, and Perhaps Also higher Than the results of studies in Switzerland in view of the Increasing use of motor vehicles (mainly cars) in Malaysia recently.
• Step Resolution
Danger of pollution from motor vehicles has been given serious attention by the developed countries. In the U.S., for example, the Clean Air Act (Clean Water Act) was enacted to reduce the production of hydro-carbon, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides particular. This reduction is done by requiring the use of a catalytic converter (Catalytic Converters) in the manufacture of motor vehicles. Two-way catalytic converter (Two-Way Catalytic Converters) cans be reduced to 98% of the elements of pollution by converting Hydro Carbon and Carbon Monoxide to Carbon Dioxide and Steam. Three-way catalytic converter (three-way Catalytic Converters) cans Also ksida oxidize nitrogen oxide-specific, without compromising engine efficiency or increase of the use of motor oil.
Effects of lead on health cans be avoided if We use unleaded fuel (unleaded). Malaysia is the government's decisive action is Necessary to reduce the use and sale of leaded fuel in order to Ensure public health, particularly of the city.
Than find other alternatives to oil are Also Important for reducing the impact of environmental pollution. Two of the proposed alternative is natural gas (natural gas) and Propane. Studies Show That the materials contain a high octane no lead and cans Produce up to 90% reduces the production of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. Engine efficiency is Also Increased from 6% to 15% Pls using these materials as fuels.
Recently, studies of producing oil from plant biomass is in progress. For example in our country, scientists have discovered a type of palm oil to the which cans reduce water pollution without compromising engine efficiency. Although these Findings are still too new to ascertain whether it is practical or not, it Should Be a starting point for our Efforts Towards Achieving the Development of the concept of continuing concern for the environment.
In western countries, the use of vehicles using electric power are being studied extensively Also. Vehicles of this type do not Produce noise and water pollution. However, electricity is expensive and its impact on the environment May depend on how electricity is generated.
Motor vehicles, whether new or bad, is only Responsible for half of the problem and the environment. The other half is the responsibility of us as consumers dibahu. If We Want to reduce the negative effects of motor vehicle use on the environment, the attitude of care Towards The Way We use vehicles is critical.
In Addition, We Should reduce the use of water conditioners in motor vehicles unless absolutely Necessary. Use of air conditioner result in gas cans Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and add fuel to 12%, particularly traffic congestion Pls. Use of air conditioner water cans be Replaced with ventilation and open windows while driving. Using cardboard in the light barrier and the rear windscreen of motor vehicles Pls put in the middle of the heat cans Also reduce heat in vehicles. With this We can reduce air conditioning use During the next drive to reduce environmental pollution.
Sharing a ride to the office or to perform certain places will of not only save energy and money, but is a way more clean and intelligent in conserving the environment from pollution. In Addition, complete as many tasks in one trip cans save fuel consumption. Finally, We Should reduce the use of motor vehicles to travel short distances. The use of Bicycles, vehicles or on foot cloud is better for the environment as well have a positive impact on our health.
Thus, the Caring Community Campaign Should Be Extended to cover human relationships with nature for more caring Malaysian society and are Responsible for the environment. Motorists Should Be Used Wisely for Their vehicles to conserve the welfare of the environment as well as reduce and solve problems related to the transportation system.
3. Land Pollution
Human use and adapt to the natural elements Such as forests, minerals, water, water, land, marine resources and fuel, turn back through the manufacturing process of goods and services.
Production processes are closely linked with economic systems and the development and growth. The attitude of looking at Things from the perspective of profit the caused the environment to exploit nature without estimating the Extinction of the resources of nature.
Forest does have a commercial value in the economy. Forest found supplies of timber and paper companies, the which is an Important source of foreign income. In the Tropics, contributes an estimated annual value of the cane of RM 1200 Million Annually in world trade. However, the excessive exploitation of forests for logging, agriculture, hunting and environmental pollution have resulted in a very spectacular.
For example, the floods hit installments That Such areas as India, Bangladesh and the Asia regions has been reduced another source of clean water for daily use. Yield of rice, sugarcane, etc. Also are affected. On the other Governments of these countries Had to Spend about RM 140 million to RM 750 million in spending floods. Sedimentation rates are high due to uncontrolled forest: Also penusnahan reduce the use of water ponds in the North Island of Luzon, the Philippines, in the pool water Nizamzagar, India and others.
Some events May be regarded as a tragic black, like the tragedies of post Dipang in Kampar, Perak, landslides in Genting Highlands and A Few other events, That have sacrificed so many lives is possible due to human negligence in protecting the environment, Because They Are too Concerned with profit by way of minimizing costs or Because of Their ignorance of environmental management.
• Step resolution
Measures to limit logging progress made by all State Governments to comply with the quota specified timber in order to Ensure sustainable forest management and development. The state government is Also advisable to replant trees in the forest: conservation measures for the purpose of logging in the future. Reforestation Fund was established to Ensure all parties comply with the rule of law.
Under the guidelines provided by the International Tropical Timber Organization is emphasizing perform certain aspects to increase of awareness of tropical forest protection in the member countries. These include:
1. Decrease the rate of logging activities and systematically from year to year.
1. Develop land use plan for the preservation of national forests and sustainable timber production.
1. Diversifying the use of forest resources by Increasing the use of rubber wood, bamboo, rattan and other forest products.
1. Restrict the export of raw logs without processing.
In Addition to the federal government, Malaysia has 13 states, the which have Their own laws on forests and forest maintenance, respectively. In this context, any Regulations enacted the federal level does not necessarily have to be implemented simultaneously in all states. Meanwhile, there are Some provisions and the flexibility given to State Governments That logging and forest protection and timber are the jurisdiction of Their Governments. All this is much help to the inefficiencies and problems in managing forest resources and timber in the country.
Conclusion
We certainly feel disgusted and uncomfortable if the house We Are in a smoky, dirty and smelly. This Should Be concept developed to treat this earth as our home. If We treat this earth as our home, Could We pollute it?
Earth is the only planet That allows us and other animals to live free. Enough Is not this reason for us to pet him with a full sense of Sympathy and compassion? Feelings of respect must be given to all forms of life and environment to our neighbors. All human actions have a significant impact on the environment. Respect for other life means respect for ourselves. Keeping the welfare of the environment is not polluted so We need to respect means to get water and clean water supply.
On the global issue of marine pollution is Among the most Important That agenda must be faced by Landlocked countries. Despite the Various problems That Arise in the enforcement of pollution of the marine sector, but it is still carried by maritime agencies are accountable in addressing this problem. This partnership not only in the agencies involved but work with WHO cans Also promptly report any incidents of marine pollution by the parties are not Responsible. Between Strong maritime cooperation with the private sector agencies to sponsor the cleaning operation elements of pollution at sea is most welcome. Marine pollution problems will from not be resolved if there is no self-awareness in people about the importance of the environment to Humans. In Addition, the law Should Be Enforced subject to similar problems Ensure That Would not recur.
DOE's involvement in carrying out its responsibilities cans only be achieved with the cooperation and public understanding of the importance of environmental stewardship. Clean and protected environment reflects the Harmonious and healthy community for spearheading the development of national science and technology.
Nature knows best Things for him. If We pour chemicals into an organism, it looks as if We threw a sack of screws and nuts to wedge into the machinery "Delicate" is ever created.
Bibliography
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